ABSTRACT
The structure and size of the chloroplast genome of Castanopsis hystrix was determined by Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform to understand the difference between C. hystrix and the chloroplast genome of the same genus, and the evolutionary position of C. hystrix in the genus, so as to facilitate species identification, genetic diversity analysis and resource conservation of the genus. Bioinformatics analysis was used to perform sequence assembly, annotation and characteristic analysis. R, Python, MISA, CodonW and MEGA 6 bioinformatics software were used to analyze the genome structure and number, codon bias, sequence repeats, simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and phylogeny. The genome size of C. hystrix chloroplast was 153 754 bp, showing tetrad structure. A total of 130 genes were identified, including 85 coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. According to codon bias analysis, the average number of effective codons was 55.5, indicating that the codons were highly random and low in bias. Forty-five repeats and 111 SSR loci were detected by SSR and long repeat fragment analysis. Compared with the related species, chloroplast genome sequences were highly conserved, especially the protein coding sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. hystrix is closely related to the Hainanese cone. In summary, we obtained the basic information and phylogenetic position of the chloroplast genome of red cone, which will provide a preliminary basis for species identification, genetic diversity of natural populations and functional genomics research of C. hystrix.
Subject(s)
Phylogeny , Genome, Chloroplast , Codon/genetics , Genomics , Chloroplasts/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the biomechanical stability of 5 kinds of internal fixation for acetabular T-shaped fractures using finite element analysis.Methods After a three-dimensional model of normal pelvis was reconstructed using Mimics software,the model of acetabular T-shaped fracture was divided by Solidworks software.Models of acetabular T-shaped fracture fixated by 5 methods were reconstructed:(A) a reconstruction plate for anterior column + lag screws for posterior column,(B) lag screws for anterior column + a reconstruction plate for posterior column,(C) a reconstruction plate for anterior column + a medial ilioischial plate for posterior column (combination plating),(D) retrograde lag screws for 2 columns,and (E) a reconstruction plate for anterior column + and a posterior ilioischial plate for posterior column.Valuation was conducted with software Ansys to simulate 600 N loading on the terminal plate of S1 vertebral body at standing and sitting positions.The biomechanical stabilities were compared between the 5 models of internal fixation.Results At standing and sitting positions,the displacements of anterior column in modelA (0.522±0.121 mmand0.762±0.181 mm),modelC (0.512±0.207mmand0.730±0.181mm) and model E (0.513 ± 0.184 mm and 0.733 ± 0.166 mm) were significantly smaller than those in model B (0.622±0.224 mmand 1.328±0.537 mm) and in modelD (0.655±0.174mm and 1.591± 0.270 mm) (P ＜ 0.05).However,there were no statistically significant differences in anterior column displacements between models A,C and E or between models B and D (P ＞ 0.05).At standing and sitting positions,the displacements of posterior column in model B (0.631 ± 0.151 mm and 0.572 ± 0.693 mm),in model C (0.621 ± 0.195 mm and 0.538 ± 0.075 mm) and in model E (0.625 ± 0.192 mm and 0.544 ± 0.063 mm) were significantly smaller than those in model A (0.742 ±0.140 mm and 0.715 ±0.072 mm)and in modelD (0.754±0.247 mm and 0.717 ± 0.071 mm) (P ＜0.05).However,there were no statistically significant differences in posterior column displacements between models B,C and E or between models A and D (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions In the treatment of acetabular T-shaped fractures,reconstruction plating has better stability than screwing.Reconstructive plating shows the best stability for anterior and posterior columns,followed by combination plating which is the best choice for reducing surgical injury.